Einleitung
Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit soll es sein, das Konzept des Marktmechanismus zu studieren und zu analysieren, so wie er von Ibn Taymiyyah verstanden wurde. Zudem wird diese Abhandlung versuchen, seine Ansichten mit denen anderer muslimischer Denker und westlicher Autoren – bis Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts – zu vergleichen. Der erste Abschnitt befasst sich mit der Analyse von Ibn Taymiyyahs Ansichten, die letzten beiden Abschnitte dienen zum Vergleich.
Die Konzepte von „Angebot und Nachfrage“ sind die grundlegendsten in der Wirtschaftswissenschaft, sie bilden die Essenz des Marktmechanismus. Die Idee jedoch, alle Kräfte des Marktes in diese beiden Hauptkategorien einzuteilen und dass die Preisbildung durch „Angebot und Nachfrage“ zustande kommt, war eine sehr späte Entwicklung in der Geschichte des ökonomischen Denkens.
Gemäß Schumpeter:
«Was die Theorie zum Mechanismus der Preisbildung angeht, so gibt es aus der Zeit vor der Mitte des 18. Jahrhundert nur sehr wenig zu berichten …»
(Schumpeter, S. 305)
Nun ist es aber (gerade in diesem Zusammenhang) interessant zu entdecken, dass bereits im 13. Jahrhundert der (muslimische Gelehrte) Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328 n.Chr./661-728 n.H.) ein solches Konzept des Marktmechanismus dargelegt hatte.
Das von Ibn Taymiyyah entwickelte Konzept des Marktmechanismus
Ibn Taymiyyah hatte eine klare Vorstellung von der Preisbildung in einem freien Markt, welche durch Marktkräfte zustande kamen, die wir heute Angebot und Nachfrage nennen. Er sagt:
«Das Steigen und Fallen der Preise ist nicht immer auf das Unrecht (zulm) einiger Menschen zurückzuführen. Manchmal ist der Grund ein(e Knappheit durch) Produktions- oder Importrückgang der nachgefragten Ware. Wenn also die Nachfrage nach einer (bestimmten) Ware steigt, während ihre Verfügbarkeit (durch Knappheit) sinkt, dann steigt ihr Preis. Anderseits, wenn die Verfügbarkeit der Ware sich erhöht und die Nachfrage danach sinkt, dann sinkt auch der Preis. Diese Form von Knappheit und Überfluss kann nicht durch menschlichen Eingriff verursacht werden; sie kann (entweder) auf eine Ursache zurückgeführt werden die frei von Unrecht ist, oder, in manchen Fällen auch Unrecht zum Anlass haben. Es ist Allah der Allmächtige, der die Wünsche in den Herzen der Menschen schafft …»
(Ibn Taimiyah, 1381, vol.8, p. 523)
Aus dieser Feststellung Ibn Taymiyyahs geht hervor, dass es zu seiner Zeit eine vorherrschende Meinung war, dass steigende Preise eine Folge des Unrechts (zulm) oder des Fehlverhaltens vonseiten der Kaufleute wäre. Das ursprüngliche Wort, das von ihm benutzt wird, ist „zulm“, was auch Überschreitung oder Ungerechtigkeit bedeuten kann. Hier wird es im Sinne von Manipulationen benutzt, die von Kaufleuten vorgenommen werden um den Markt zu stören/beeinflussen, beispielsweise durch Horten. Nach Ibn Taymiyyah ist das jedoch nicht immer wahr. Er macht hier für das Steigen und Fallen der Preise wirtschaftliche Gründe und die Marktkräfte verantwortlich.
Ibn Taymiyyah erwähnt zwei Quellen für das (Waren-)Angebot – lokale Produktion und Import der nachgefragten Waren (ma yukhlaq aw yujlab min dhali’k al mal al matlub). Die (Wort-)Wurzel von „Al matlub“ ist „t-i-b“, welches das Synonym des Wortes „Nachfrage“ im Deutschen ist. Um die Nachfrage nach einer Ware auszudrücken, benutzt er den Ausdruck „raghabat fi’l shai“, d.h. Verlangen nach der Ware.
Verlangen, welches Bedürfnisse oder „Geschmack“ reflektiert, ist eines der wichtigsten (und entscheidendsten) Faktoren der Nachfrage, der andere (Faktor) ist das Einkommen. Dieser zweite Faktor wird von Ibn Taymiyyah (allerdings) nicht erwähnt.
Eine Veränderung des Angebots, der anderen Marktkraft neben der Nachfrage, wird von ihm als eine Zunahme oder Abnahme der Verfügbarkeit der Ware beschrieben. Die beiden Quellen des Angebots bemerkte er bereits: lokale Produktion und Import.
Die oben zitierte Aussage deutet darauf hin, dass Ibn Taymiyyah sich auf etwas bezieht, was wir heute Angebots- und Nachfrageverschiebung nennen, auch wenn er es nicht explizit bei( diese)m Namen nennt.
Das heißt, es wird (entweder) mehr zum selben Preis nachgefragt und weniger zum selben Preis angeboten, oder umgekehrt, es wird weniger nachgefragt und mehr angeboten zum selben Preis, was letztendlich zu einem Preisverfall führt. Er kombiniert zwei verschiedene Änderungen in einem.
Ohne Zweifel ist es so, dass, wenn ein sinkendes Angebot durch eine Zunahme der Nachfrage begleitet wird, der Anstieg des Preises (natürlich) ausgeprägter sein wird. In ähnlicher Weise wird, wenn ein Anstieg des Angebots mit einer Abnahme der Nachfrage verbunden ist, der Preisrückgang (natürlich) größer sein, da beide Änderungen die Bewegung des Preises in die gleiche Richtung unterstützen. Es ist jedoch nicht notwendig, die beiden Änderungen zu kombinieren, da sie nicht zwingend gleichzeitig auftreten müssen. Unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen können wir also das gleiche Ergebnis haben, auch wenn sich nur eines von beiden ändert. Wenn z.B. die Nachfrage sinkt, während das Angebot gleich bleibt, wird der Preis sinken, und umgekehrt. Man kann sich eine Anzahl solcher Möglichkeiten vorstellen, die mit der obigen Aussage Ibn Taymiyyahs in Übereinstimmung zu bringen sind. In seinem Buch „Al Hisbah fi’l Islam“ beschreibt Ibn Taymiyyah die beiden Veränderungen separat, wie er sagt:
«Wenn die Leute ihre Waren nach allgemein anerkannter Art und Weise ohne jegliches Unrecht verkaufen und der Preis steigt aufgrund eines Warenrückgangs (qillat al shai‘) oder aufgrund einer Bevölkerungszunahme (kathrat al Khalq), dann ist dies auf die Bestimmung Allahs zurückzuführen»
(Ibn Taimiyah, 1976, p.24)
Hier nennt er als Gründe für ein Steigen des Preises entweder einen Rückgang der Waren oder eine Zunahme der Bevölkerung. „Warenrückgang“ können wir hier auch als Abnahme des Angebots übersetzen. Ebenso ist eine Zunahme der Bevölkerung im Grunde nichts anderes als eine Erhöhung der Nachfrage im Markt, kann also als Anstieg der Nachfrage übersetzt werden. Eine Preiserhöhung aufgrund eines Rückgangs des Angebots oder aufgrund einer Zunahme der Nachfrage wird zudem als ein Akt des allmächtigen Gottes gekennzeichnet, was impliziert, dass der Marktmechanismus (kein Resultat menschlichen Planens, sondern) unpersönlicher Natur ist.
(Quelle: Prof. Dr. Abdul Azim Islahi, Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. S. 51-52 / übertragen in die deutsche Sprache von Yahya ibn Rainer)
Referenzen: Schumpeter, J.A. History of Economic Analysis, London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1972. Ibn, Taimiyah, Majmu' Fatawa Shaikh al Islam Ahmad b. Taimiyah, Riyadh, al Riyadh Press, vol. 8, 1381; vol. 29, 1383. Ibn, Taimiyah, Al Hisbah fi'l Islam, ed. Azzam, S., Cairo. Dar al Sha'b, 1976.
assalamu aleykum,
Vielen Dank für den Artikel. In der heutigen Literatur wird zumeist Adam Smith als Begründer der Mikroökonomie erwähnt. Gibt es eigentlich Hinweise darauf, dass Adam Smith auch islamische Quellen für seine Theorien genutzt haben könnte?
Wa alaykum assalam wa rahmatullah
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