Wer Oswald Spengler (gest. 1936) und sein Opus Magnum „Der Untergang des Abendlandes“ (1922) nicht kennt oder zu schätzen weiß, wird nicht nachvollziehen können weshalb ich hier beinah ein ganzes Kapitel aus dem 2. Band zitieren werde, welches zudem auch noch das Judentum behandelt.
Spengler gilt als verbrannt, weil er ein Antidemokrat war und heute vor allem von der Neuen Rechten vereinnahmt wird. Aber trotz seiner heute als regressiv geltenden Auffassung, war er ein großartiger Denker und sein kulturphilosophisches Geschichtswerk ist mit seiner vergleichenden Methodologie m.E. einzigartig.
Sein Blick auf die unterschiedlichen Kulturkreise und ihre Geistesgeschichte scheint mir unvoreingenommen und ehrlich, auch wenn er sicherlich nicht in allem richtig liegen mag.
Interessant an seiner Darlegung des Judentums ist, dass er es der „arabischen Kultur“ zurechnet, es auch immer wieder mit der islamischen Geistesgeschichte verwebt und dass er (1922 bereits) den aufkommende rassistischen Judenhass widerlegt.
Um dem geneigten Leser nicht allzu viel Lesestoff auf einmal zuzumuten, werde ich den großen Auszug aus Kapitel 59 des 2. Bandes in mehrere Blogbeiträge aufteilen, die ich nacheinander publizieren werde.
«Eine Fellachenreligion ist auch das Judentum etwa seit Jehuda ben Halevi, der wie sein islamischer Lehrmeister Al Ghazali die wissenschaftliche Philosophie mit unbedingter Skepsis betrachtet und sie im »Kuzari« (1140) nur noch als Dienerin der gläubigen Theologie gelten läßt. Das entspricht durchaus der Wendung von der mittleren zur jüngeren Stoa der Kaiserzeit und dem Erlöschen der chinesischen Spekulation unter der westlichen Han-Dynastie. Noch bezeichnender ist Moses Maimonides, der um 1175 den gesamten Lehrstoff des Judentums als etwas Fertiges und Starres in einem großen Werk vom Schlage des chinesischen Li-ki zusammengetragen hat, ohne die geringste Rücksicht darauf, ob das Einzelne noch Sinn hatte oder nicht.
Weder in dieser noch in einer andern Zeit ist das Judentum etwas Einzigartiges in der Religionsgeschichte, aber von der Lage aus betrachtet, welche die abendländische Kultur auf ihrem eigenen Boden dafür geschaffen hat, erscheint es so. Und ebensowenig ist die Tatsache, daß der jüdische Name immer wieder etwas anderes bezeichnet, ohne daß seine Träger es bemerken, etwas für sich Stehendes, denn sie wiederholt sich Schritt für Schritt im Persertum.
In ihrer »Merowingerzeit« (etwa 500–0) entwickeln sich beide aus Stammesverbänden zu Nationen magischen Stils, ohne Land, ohne Einheit der Abstammung und schon damals mit der Wohnweise des Ghetto, die bis auf die Parsen in Bombay und die Juden in Brooklyn dieselbe geblieben ist.
In der Frühzeit (etwa 0–500) wird dieser landlose consensus von Spanien aus bis nach Schantung verbreitet. Es war die jüdische Ritterzeit und die »gotische« Blütezeit religiöser Gestaltungskraft: die späte Apokalyptik, die Mischna und das Urchristentum, das erst seit Trajan und Hadrian abgestoßen wurde, sind Schöpfungen dieser Nation. Es ist bekannt, daß die Juden damals Bauern, Handwerker und Kleinstädter waren. Die großen Geldgeschäfte führten Ägypter, Griechen, Römer, also »alte« Menschen.
Um 500 beginnt das jüdische Barock, das dem abendländischen Betrachter sehr einseitig im Bilde der spanischen Glanzzeit zu erscheinen pflegt. Der jüdische consensus tritt wie der persische, islamische und byzantinische in ein städtisches und geistiges Wachsein und beherrscht von nun an die Formen der städtischen Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft. Tarragona, Toledo und Granada sind vorwiegend jüdische Großstädte. Juden bilden einen wesentlichen Teil der vornehmen maurischen Gesellschaft. Ihre vollendeten Formen, ihren esprit, ihre Ritterlichkeit hat der gotische Kreuzzugsadel bewundert und nachzuahmen versucht; aber auch die Diplomatie, Kriegführung und Verwaltung der maurischen Staaten ist ohne die jüdische Aristokratie, welche hinter der islamischen an Rasse nicht zurückstand, gar nicht zu denken. Es gab, wie einst in Arabien einen jüdischen Minnesang, so jetzt eine hohe Literatur und eine aufgeklärte Wissenschaft.
Als Alfons X. von Kastilien um 1250 unter Leitung des Rabbiners Isaak ben Said Hassan durch jüdische, islamische und christliche Gelehrte ein neues Planetenwerk ausarbeiten ließ, war das immer noch eine Leistung nicht des faustischen, sondern des magischen Weltdenkens. Erst seit Nicolaus Cusanus wurde es umgekehrt. Aber in Spanien und Marokko lag doch nur ein sehr kleiner Teil des jüdischen consensus und dieser selbst hatte nicht nur einen weltlichen, sondern vor allem auch einen geistlichen Sinn.
Es gab auch in ihm eine puritanische Bewegung, die den Talmud verwarf und zur reinen Tora zurückkehren wollte. Die Gemeinschaft der Karäer ist nach manchen Vorläufern um 760 im nördlichen Syrien entstanden, eben dort, von wo ein Jahrhundert vorher die bilderstürmenden christlichen Paulikianer und etwas später der islamische Sufismus ausgingen, drei magische Richtungen, deren innere Verwandtschaft niemand verkennen wird. Die Karäer wurden wie die Puritaner jeder andern Kultur von der Orthodoxie wie von der Aufklärung bekämpft.
Die rabbinischen Gegenschriften entstanden von Cordova und Fes bis nach Südarabien und Persien hin. Aber damals entstand auch, ein Produkt des »jüdischen Sufismus« und zuweilen an Swedenborg erinnernd, das Hauptwerk der rationalistischen Mystik, das Buch Jezirah, dessen kabbalistische Grundvorstellungen sich mit der byzantinischen Bildersymbolik und dem gleichzeitigen Zauberwesen des griechischen »Christentums zweiter Ordnung« ebenso berühren wie mit der Volksreligion des Islam.»
Fortsetzung folgt
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